real estate note
Owner Financing – The Foreclosure Process
July 16, 2010 by Financemyhome · Leave a Comment
One of the great parts of the owner finance home sale is the opportunity to work with the buyer in the case of financial problems. By creating a solution that works for both parties a home owner is more than likely to stay in the house and the loan holder will continue to receive monthly payments. If a solution cannot be created then unfortunately foreclosure might be the only option to take. This article will present a look and some of the different ways foreclosures can be handled.
In some states, the beneficiary can choose one of two methods to foreclose judicial or non-judicial. In a judicial foreclosure, the beneficiary files a lawsuit against the trustor in Superior Court to foreclose on the property. The case is then set for trial. If the court rules in favor of the beneficiary, the property will be ordered sold at a public sale. In most instances, however, it is a non-judicial foreclosure. In a non-judicial foreclosure, the court system is not involved. To foreclose non-judicially, the deed of trust or mortgage must contain a power of sale clause. The power of sale clause gives the trustee the right to begin foreclosure without going to court. To include a power of sale clause does not require a specific form or language.
If, on the other hand, the security instrument does not contain a power of sale provision, judicial foreclosure is the beneficiary’s only way to obtain the property. Most conventional deeds of trust say “with the power of sale”.
Judicial and non-judicial foreclosures differ in many ways. The foreclosure method selected by the beneficiary has significant consequences for the trustor.
Non judicial foreclosure is relatively fast, as this method does not involve the court system. In most instances, non-judicial foreclosure takes, at minimum, about four months after the trustor has failed to meet the obligation or defaulted on the loan. Judicial foreclosure, on the other hand, may take up to several years.
Non judicial foreclosure is generally less costly than judicial foreclosure. In a non-judicial foreclosure, the trustee’s and attorney’s fees are largely specified by law. In a judicial foreclosure, however, there are generally no legal limits for attorney’s fees. As a result, the trustor may be liable for significant legal expenses.
Another major difference between the two foreclosure methods is the beneficiary’s right to a deficiency judgment. A deficiency judgment is a court order stating that the trustor still owes money to the beneficiary if the proceeds from the foreclosure sale are not sufficient to pay the balance of the debt.
Some state laws do not allow a deficiency judgment in a non-judicial foreclosure on residential purchase money loans. A residential purchase money loan is one in which loan proceeds are used to purchase the property. Furthermore, state laws do not allow deficiency judgments against the residential trustor where the loan was made by the seller of the property or by a third party lender (often a financial institution) on a four-unit or less residential property that is the principal residence of the trustor. If the beneficiary judicially forecloses on a non-purchase money residential loan, a deficiency judgment may be obtained against the trustor.
Non-judicial and judicial foreclosures also differ with regard to the trustor’s right of redemption after the foreclosure sale. This is the trustor’s right to reclaim the foreclosure property. In a non-judicial foreclosure, the sale of the property at the trustee’s sale is an irrevocable final sale, and the trustor does not have the right to redeem or reclaim the property after the sale. Judicial sales, however, are subject to redemption by the trustor.
This summary of the major differences between non-judicial and judicial foreclosure shows the advantages of non-judicial foreclosure for the beneficiary. The non-judicial foreclosure is timely, economical, non subject to redemption, and may command a higher sales price. In addition, it is unlikely that the beneficiary would recover any losses through a deficiency judgment, as the trustor could not make the loan payments in the first place. Because of these advantages, beneficiaries typically prefer to foreclose non-judicially. Beneficiaries might foreclose judicially when they see an opportunity to recover any losses through a deficiency judgment.
The following two sections give detailed information on each of the foreclosure methods.
Non-Judicial Foreclosure
This section describes the major procedural requirements of non-judicial foreclosure, discusses the trustor’s reinstatement and redemption rights, reviews legal provisions for trustee’s fees and summarizes special legal provisions affecting foreclosures in many states.
Many states allow the beneficiary of a deed of trust containing the power of sale provision to foreclose non-judicially after the trustor has defaulted on one or more contractual obligations. In case of default, the beneficiary may order the trustee to initiate foreclosure.
Notice of Default
Foreclosure begins when the beneficiary notifies the trustee that the trustor has defaulted on any obligations stated in the promissory note and deed of trust. The beneficiary gives the trustee information concerning the condition of the debt such as the amount of the unpaid balance and due dates. Upon receipt of this information, the trustee prepares the Notice of Default.
The Notice of Default must be recorded in the office of the recorder of the county where the property is located. If the deed of trust encumbers property located in more than one county, the Notice of Default should be recorded in the other counties as well.
The trustee must mail a copy of the Notice of Default to the trustor and to each person requesting notice within ten days of recording the notice. The law specifies additional notification requirements under certain circumstances. The Notice of Default must be published weekly for four weeks in a newspaper or personally be served on the Trustor, if the trustor has not requested to be notified of its recordation of the notice
Trustor’s should always notify the beneficiary and the trustee of any address changes to ensure prompt receipt of any correspondence from the beneficiary or trustee.
Before January 1, 1986, the trustor and beneficiaries under subordinate deeds of trust were given three months from the recordation of the Notice of Default to cure the default. An amendment to the law extended the expiration of the reinstatement period to five business days before the scheduled trustee’s sale. If the trustee’s sale is postponed, the reinstatement period is extended to five business days before the new date of the sale.
At any time during the reinstatement period, the trustor may stop the default by paying the beneficiary all sums of money due on the loan up to that point including additional costs incurred by the beneficiary, and attorney’s or trustee’s fees as specified by law. It is not necessary to repay the entire loan balance.
After reinstatement of the loan, the foreclosure proceeding is discontinued and the trustor resumes making the regular periodic payments.
Notice of Trustee’s Sale
If three months have passed since recording the Notice of Default, and the trustor has not begun to reinstate the loan; the trustee may proceed with the foreclosure by preparing a Notice of Trustee’s Sale.
The Notice of Trustee’s Sale must be recorded in the office of the recorder of the county in which the property is located at least 14 days before the date of the sale. As with the Notice of Default, the Notice of Trustee’s Sale must be mailed to the trustor’s last address actually known to the trustee.
The Notice of Trustee’s Sale also must be published in a newspaper of general circulation in the city, judicial district or county where the property is located. The notice must be published once a week over a 20-day period before the sale.
In addition to mailing and publication, the Notice of Trustee’s Sale must be posted for at least 20 days before the sale at the following locations:
o In at least one public place in the city, judicial district, or county in which the property is to be sold; and
o In a conspicuous place on the property to be sold
Improperly broadcasting the Notice of Trustee’s Sale typically will result in the cancellation and re-notice of the sale.
As mentioned before, the trustor can cure the default during the reinstatement period that runs up to five days before the schedule sale. After the reinstatement period expires, the trustor must pay the entire indebtedness plus foreclosure costs to avoid foreclosure. This is called redemption and only can be done during the five days before the sale. The trustor’s right of redemption ends once bidding at the foreclosure sale starts.
Trustee’s Sale
The trustee or the trustee’s agent must conduct the foreclosure sale at a public auction in the county where the property is located. The sale is to the highest bidder who must pay in cash, cashiers check or cash equivalent as specified in the notice and acceptable to the trustee.
The trustee may postpone the sale at any time before it is completed. The sale may be postponed at the trustee’s discretion, upon instruction by the beneficiary, or upon a written request by the trustor who has the right to request a one-day delay to obtain sufficient cash to pay the debt or bid at the sale. The trustor’s request for postponement must include a statement identifying the source of the funds. The law allows for three postponements. After three postponements, a new notice of sale must be given, except for postponements requested by the trustor or ordered by a court.
After the sale to the highest bidder, the trustee executes and delivers a trustee’s deed to the purchaser. The trustee’s deed conveys title to the purchase free and clear. The issuance of the trustee’s deed terminates the previous trustor’s legal and equitable rights in the property. It should be noted, however, that title to the property is conveyed subject to all senior liens, including liens for property taxes and assessments.
The purchaser of the foreclosed property is entitled to take immediate possession. A trustor who refuses to vacate the property may be legally forced to do so.
Rent and Rental Income
Generally, the trustor occupying the property does not have to pay rent to the beneficiary while in default. If a deed of trust should indicate a rent liability, enforcement of it would be unlikely.
The beneficiary may have a right, however, to any rental income generated by the property during the period of default. In the absence of such a provision in the deed of trust, the beneficiary is generally not entitled to any rental income.
Deficiency Judgment
In General, the law prohibits a deficiency judgment in a non-judicial foreclosure with a power of sale provision. Even if the proceeds from the foreclosure are inadequate to repay the loan, the beneficiary has no other possibility to recover.
Trustee’s Fees
The fees a trustee is entitled to charge the beneficiary or deduct from the proceeds of the sale are prescribed by law. The trustee may charge for costs incurred in recording, mailing, publishing, and posting of Notice of Default and Notice of Trustee’s Sale; the cost of postponing the sale by request of the trustor (not to exceed $50 per postponement) and the cost of a trustee’s sale guarantee. In addition to charging for these actual costs, the law provides for a fee schedule based on the amounts of the unpaid debt.
The legal limitations for trustee’s and attorney’s fees do not apply to attorney’s fees the beneficiary is entitled to recover under special provisions of the deed of trust.
Special Legal Provisions
Special federal and state laws may affect the manner in which the foreclosure is conducted. If the loan is insured or guaranteed by the U. S. Department of Housing and urban Development (HUD! EHA) or the Veterans Administration (VA), certain procedures must be followed. In the case of a VA-guaranteed loan, the trustor may be liable for any deficiency, unless the veteran obtains a release of liability from the VA. California law does not necessarily protect the trustor from liability for a deficiency on a VA guaranteed loan. Federal laws governing the VA loan program take precedence over any conflicting California law. Trustors should contact the VA for details concerning their rights and to learn about specific requirements.
Judicial Foreclosure
Judicial Foreclosure is tried in some state Superior Courts. The beneficiary, upon default of obligation by the trustor, brings a foreclosure lawsuit against the trustor. If successful, the court will issue an order to sell the property at a public sale. The beneficiary must use judicial foreclosure if the security instrument does not contain a power of sale provision. A mortgage or deed of trust containing the power of sale provision may be foreclosed judicially if the beneficiary chooses to do so.
The decision to foreclose judicially or non-judicially is not necessarily final. The beneficiary may discontinue judicial foreclosure at any time and commence non-judicial foreclosure.
Conversely, the beneficiary may abandon non-judicial foreclosure and initiate judicial foreclosure. Beneficiaries sometimes initiate both types of foreclosure simultaneously.
Foreclosure Sale
A court-appointed commissioner or sheriff in the public place must give notice of the sale of the property for 20 days preceding in the date of the sale. This same notice must be published in a newspaper of general circulation weekly for 20 days. The notice also must be sent by certified mail to all defendants at their last known addresses.
At the foreclosure sale, the property must be sold by the auctioneer to the highest bidder who is financially qualified.
Redemption of Property
In a judicial sale, the trustor has the right to redeem or reclaim the property after the foreclosure sale. For a trustor, the right of redemption makes a judicial sale attractive. It should be remembered, however, that a judicial sale might also lead to a deficiency judgment. This possibility does not exist in a non-judicial foreclosure.
Deficiency Judgment
In a judicial foreclosure, the beneficiary has, under certain circumstances, a right to a deficiency judgment. The deficiency judgment is limited to an amount equal to either the difference between the indebtedness and the fair market value of the property, or the indebtedness and the sales price at the foreclosure sale, whichever is less.
Rent and Rental Income
The trustor occupying the disputed property does not have to pay the beneficiary rent while in default. The beneficiary may be entitled, however, to any rental income generated by the property.
After the sale, the trustor retains possession of the property and does not have to pay the beneficiary rent while in default. The beneficiary may be entitled, however, to any rental income generated by the property.
Craig Meriwether is owner of Kula Investments, a company founded you help you get top dollar for you owner financed real estate loan. [http://www.ioubuyer.com]
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